Cloning

Dolly the Sheep

One huge discovery that came out during the year of 1996 was the first successful cloning of dolly the sheep. Dolly was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer.She was cloned by Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute, in Scotland. She was born on 5 July 1996 and she lived until the age of six, at which point she died from a progressive lung disease.  her birth was officially announced on February 22, 1997. The sheep was originally code-named "6LL3".

The technique that was made famous by her birth is somatic cell nuclear transfer, in which a cell is placed in a de-nucleated ovum, the two cells fuse and then develop into an embryo.  The cell used as the donor for the cloning of Dolly was taken from a mammary gland, and the production of a healthy clone proved that a cell taken from a specific part of the body could recreate a whole individual. They had to find a way to 'reprogram' the udder cells - to keep them alive but stop them growing – which they achieved by altering the growth medium. Then they injected the cell into an unfertilised egg cell which had had its nucleus removed, and made the cells fuse by using electrical pulses. The unfertilized egg cell came from a Scottish Blackface ewe. When the research team had managed to fuse the nucleus from the adult white sheep cell with the egg cell from the black-faced sheep. They cultured it for six or seven days to see if it divided and developed normally before implanting it into a surrogate mother which was another Scottish Blackface ewe. When Dolly was produced, she ended up with a white face. This development was a huge discovery for the scientific world because many others had tried for a while and were not successful. The advances made through cloning animals have led to a potential new therapy to prevent mitochondrial diseases in humans being passed from mother to child. About 1 in 6000 people are born with faulty mitochondria, which can result in diseases like muscular dystrophy. To prevent this, genetic material from the embryo is extracted and placed in an egg cell donated by another woman, which contains functioning mitochondria. This is the same process that is used in cloning of embryonic cells of animals. Without this intervention, the faulty mitochondria would most defiantly to pass on to the next generation.


http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/d/dolly_the_sheep.htm
http://www.animalresearch.info/en/medical-advances/151/cloning-dolly-the-sheep/

Art in the 1996

Art in early childhood



Art has always been a Socio-Emotional Development throughout a child.  It is shown that right for the start, young children feel a sense of emotional satisfaction when they are involved in making art, that can anywhere from modeling with clay, drawing with crayons, or even down to the simplest thing such as making a collage from recycled scraps. This fulfillment of an art project comes from the control they have over the materials they use and the ability to make their own decisions concerning the project.  Also when it comes to doing large group artworks, it can teach children basic values and important social skills like taking turns, sharing, and negotiating for materials.

As the years went on, especially during the year of 1996, art programs that focused on younger kids have emerged and even improved drastically.  Through art it was found out thatvchildren express their ideas through art, just as they do in writing.  Art is a needed outlet for children whose vocabulary, written or verbal, may be limited or even not there at all. it also provides a foundation for children's later use of words to symbolize objects and actions in formal writing.

http://www.earlychildhoodnews.com/earlychildhood/article_view.aspx?ArticleID=113

Major political event in the Eastern World

Operation Desert Strike

On August 31, 1996, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein ordered 30-40,000 Iraqi troops to invade the city of Erbil in Kurdish northern Iraq during the Kurdish civil war. Once he had order the invasion, that placed Saddam Hussein in violation of United Nations resolutions forbidding the repression of Iraq's ethnic minorities. This was  something that Hussein had done in 1988 and 1991. So in response to this latest violation, the United States launched 27 cruise missiles.  The 1996 cruise missile strikes on Iraq occurred in September 1996 during the Kurdish Civil War. This was known as Operation Desert Strike. A coordinated cruise missile attack was launched against the Iraqi air defense infrastructure, including surface-to-air missile sites and command and control nodes in southern Iraq. It involved a joint United States Navy-United States Air Force strike against air defense targets in southern Iraq.  This attack was a significant escalation of an ongoing struggle between PUK and KDP Kurdish factions for control of the autonomous region. The missiles that were sent hit their designated targets, sending a clear signal of American resolve and deterring further Iraqi invasion.

The attacks were primarily aimed at retaliation for the targeting of USAF fighters in the Northern and Southern no-fly zones, and were targeted at surface to air missile sites and command, control, and communication locations, with the intention of shaming the Iraqi air defense infrastructure. These strikes, as well as with follow-on deployments of troops, aircraft, and the addition of a second aircraft carrier to the region, achieved their desired results.

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/desert_strike.htm

1996 Presidential Election

A major political event in the western world

One major event that took place during 1996 was the Presidential Election. The candidates that ran that  year was Democratic candidate Bill Clinton from Arkansas and his running mate Al Gore from Tennessee and the Republican candidate was a former Senator Bob Dole of Kansas and his running mate former Housing Secretary Jack Kemp from New York. Businessman Ross Perot ran as candidate for the Reform Party with economist Pat Choate as his running mate. Ross received less media attention and was excluded from the presidential debates. The 1996 election spent the most money in order to be funded up to that point. The combined amount spent by the two major parties for all federal candidates topped $2 billion, which was 33 percent more than what was spent in 1992.

Clinton had a relatively easy victory in November and became the first Democratic President to be elected to two terms in office since Franklin Roosevelt in 1936.  One of the promises that Bob Dole made was a 15 percent tax cut, but the economy was already pretty healthy economy so that was not a high priority for voters.  The world was largely at peace while Clinton was in office. That election focussed largely on economic issues like jobs, taxes, etc. The economy was also prospering very much during Clinton's term so Clinton beat Dole rather handily. Bill Clinton had 379 electoral votes while Dole only had 159 allowing Clinton to win as president.

http://presidentelect.org/e1996.html#others

http://www.4president.us/issues/clinton1996/clinton1996issues.htm

The 1996 Olympics

The History of 1996 Olympics

The 1996 Olympic games took place in Atlanta, Georgia staring on July 19th and ending on August 4th. The 1996 Summer Games were the first to be staged in a different year from the Winter Games. Atlanta became the fifth American city to host the Olympic Games and the third to hold a Summer Olympic Games. This was the first time that every single national Olympic committee that was recognized was represented (197 committees). The combined total of athletes was about 10,318. The sports teams to make their first olympic appearance were beach volleyball, mountain biking, lightweight rowing and women's football. The first person to ever compete in nine Olympic games was a sailor by the name of Hubert Raudaschl One major thing that happened in these Olympic games was that on the 27th of July  a terrorist bomb exploded in the Centennial Olympic Park bringing tragedy and devastation. Two people died and more than 110 people were injured. At the conclusion of the 1996 Olympic games, the U.S. received the most amount of medals which was a total of 101 medals while Ukraine had the least amount which was a total of 23 medals

A Security guard by the name of Richard Jewell discovered the bomb before detonation and cleared most of the spectators out of the park. Rudolph (The bomber), was a carpenter and handyman, had detonated three pipe bombs inside an ALICE Pack. It was said that he was motivated by the government's sanctioning of abortion on demand, and he wanted to force the cancellation of the Olympics.  After the bombings, Jewell was falsely accused as a suspect by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the news media focused aggressively on him as the presumed culprit. However, in October 1996, Jewell was cleared of all charges. Following three more bombings in 1997, Rudolph was identified by the FBI as the suspect. In 2003, Rudolph was arrested and tried before being convicted two years later. Rudolph was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole for his crimes.


http://www.olympic.org/atlanta-1996-summer-olympics